id: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/prov-mixin/unreleased name: prov-mixin-schema version: UNRELEASED status: eunal:concept-status/DEPRECATED title: Collection of provenance properties for use in schemas description: | This schema mixin provides the majority of the terms and relationships defined by [PROV-O](https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/), with the following exceptions and deviations. It is implemented as a mixin to be able to flexibly add provenance-focused interfaces to classes that are part of a topical class hierarchy already. All relationships are implemented using the "qualified relation" pattern, but combined with properties that are named after their (shortened) "binary" equivalent. For example, a `wasDerivedFrom` is implemented as the `derived_from` slot, and has the `Derivation` association class as its `range`. This means that qualifying properties of a relationship are consolidated into the respective relationship class. Consequently, there is no equivalent of, for example, `generatedAtTime`. Instead, the time needs to be annotated via the `at_time` slot of `Generation`. Consistent with PROV-DM, all relationship classes support the expression of arbitrary attributes to further characterize a relationship beyond the set of dedicated slots. This is achieved by applying the core `ThingMixin` to the `Influence` class, the base class of all relationships. This allows for the same annotation patterns that are enabled by `Thing` to also be used for PROV relationships. This includes, custom attributes, `characterized_by` relations, mapping declarations, annotations, and semantic mappings. All relationship classes uniformly use an `object` slot to reference the respective entity, agent, or activity. PROV-O's `actedOnBehalfOf` is named `delegated_by` for consistency with the association class `Delegation`. No inverse properties are defined, i.e. there is `invalidated_by`, but not `invalidated`. This schema does not implement support for PROV bundles. There is no explicit support for annotating an `Influence` with an unspecific `Activity` (`hadActivity`, optional in PROV-O). For describing, for example, the generating activity in a derivation, `generated_by` is provided. The annotation of `Agent` and `Entity` instances with a location (PROV-O `atLocation`) is not supported. The idea of a (single) location for these concepts is at odds with the core approach of this schema to use persistent identifiers for all `Thing`s. However, `at_location` is supported within `Start` and `End` that are available to annotate `Activity`, and `EntityInfluence` like `Usage` with temporal and spatial locators. There is not direct support for the PROV-O classes `Location`, `Plan`, (and with it `hadPlan`), `Role`, and `SoftwareAgent`. The `Thing` class can be used to express these concepts in a generic fashion. Dedicated support is left to more application-specific schemas that require these concepts. The PROV-O concept of `PrimarySource`, as a special case of a `Derivation` is not supported. Use the role annotation to identify an influencing entity in a `Derivation` as a "primary source". More information may be available on the schema's [about page](about). The schema definition is available as - [JSON-LD context](../unreleased.context.jsonld) - [LinkML YAML](../unreleased.yaml) - [LinkML YAML (static/resolved)](../unreleased.static.yaml) - [OWL TTL](../unreleased.owl.ttl) - [SHACL TTL](../unreleased.shacl.ttl) comments: - ALL CONTENT HERE IS UNRELEASED AND MAY CHANGE ANY TIME license: MIT prefixes: dlprovmx: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/prov-mixin/unreleased/ dlschemas: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/ dlspatialmx: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/spatial-mixin/unreleased/ dltemporalmx: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/temporal-mixin/unreleased/ dlthings: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/things/v1/ dltypes: https://concepts.datalad.org/s/types/v1/ eunal: http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/ linkml: https://w3id.org/linkml/ prov: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov# rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# w3ctr: https://www.w3.org/TR/ xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# default_prefix: dlprovmx emit_prefixes: - dlprovmx - dlrelationsmx - dlspatialmx - dltemporalmx - dlthings - dltypes - rdf - rdfs - skos - w3ctr - xsd imports: - dlschemas:things/v1 - dlschemas:relations-mixin/unreleased - dlschemas:spatial-mixin/unreleased - dlschemas:temporal-mixin/unreleased slots: alternate_of: description: >- Two alternate entities present aspects of the same thing. These aspects may be the same or different, and the alternate entities may or may not overlap in time. range: Thing exact_mappings: - prov:alternateOf associated_with: is_a: influenced_by description: >- An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. It further allows for a plan to be specified, which is the plan intended by the agent to achieve some goals in the context of this activity. range: Association notes: - PROV-O "wasAssociatedWith" is a short-cut property. "Association" also has "agent". exact_mappings: - prov:wasAssociatedWith attributed_to: is_a: influenced_by description: >- Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent. range: Attribution notes: - PROV-O "wasAttributedTo" is a short-cut property. "Attribution" also has "agent". exact_mappings: - prov:wasAttributedTo delegated_by: is_a: influenced_by description: >- Delegation is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work. For example, a student acted on behalf of his supervisor, who acted on behalf of the department chair, who acted on behalf of the university; all those agents are responsible in some way for the activity that took place but we do not say explicitly who bears responsibility and to what degree. range: Delegation notes: - This is PROV-O's "acted_on_behalf_of", which is a short-cut property -- "Delegation" also identifies an agent. - naming is different for homogeneity with the other slots exact_mappings: - prov:actedOnBehalfOf derived_from: is_a: influenced_by title: Derived from description: >- A entity from which the subject was created through some kind of process. Derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity. range: Derivation notes: - PROV-O "wasDerivedFrom" is a short-cut property. "Derivation" also has "entity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasDerivedFrom ended: is_a: influenced_by description: >- End is when an activity is deemed to have been ended by an entity, known as trigger. The activity no longer exists after its end. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity precedes the activity's end. An end may refer to a trigger entity that terminated the activity, or to an activity, known as ender that generated the trigger. range: End notes: - PROV-O "endedAt" is a short-cut property. "Start" also has "atTime". - same naming remarks as for "started" apply. exact_mappings: - prov:wasEndedBy generated_by: is_a: influenced_by title: Generated by description: >- Identification of the process that led to the production of the subject entity. Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. notes: - PROV-O "wasGeneratedBy" is a short-cut property. "Generation" also has "activity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasGeneratedBy range: Generation influenced_by: title: Influenced by description: >- Influence is the capacity of an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation. notes: - PROV-O "wasInfluencedBy" is a short-cut property. "Influence" also identifies an "influencer". exact_mappings: - prov:wasInfluencedBy range: Influence informed_by: is_a: influenced_by description: >- Communication is the exchange of an entity by two activities, one activity using the entity generated by the other. range: Communication notes: - PROV-O "wasInformedBy" is a short-cut property. "Communication" also has "activity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasInformedBy invalidated_by: is_a: influenced_by description: >- Invalidation is the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by an activity. The entity is no longer available for use (or further invalidation) after invalidation. Any generation or usage of an entity precedes its invalidation. range: Invalidation notes: - PROV-O "wasInvalidatedBy" is a short-cut property. "Invalidation" also identifies an "entity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasInvalidatedBy quoted_from: is_a: derived_from description: >- A quotation is the repeat of (some or all of) an entity, such as text or image, by someone who may or may not be its original author. Quotation is a particular case of derivation. range: Quotation notes: - PROV-O "wasQuotedFrom" is a short-cut property. "Quotation" also identifies an "entity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasQuotedFrom revision_of: is_a: derived_from description: >- A revision is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original. The implication here is that the resulting entity contains substantial content from the original. Revision is a particular case of derivation. range: Revision notes: - PROV-O "wasRevisionOf" is a short-cut property. "Revision" also identifies an "entity". exact_mappings: - prov:wasRevisionOf specialization_of: is_a: alternate_of description: >- An entity that is a specialization of another shares all aspects of the latter, and additionally presents more specific aspects of the same thing as the latter. In particular, the lifetime of the entity being specialized contains that of any specialization. Examples of aspects include a time period, an abstraction, and a context associated with the entity. range: Thing exact_mappings: - prov:specializationOf started: is_a: influenced_by description: >- Start is when an activity is deemed to have been started by an entity, known as trigger. The activity did not exist before its start. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity follows the activity's start. A start may refer to a trigger entity that set off the activity, or to an activity, known as starter, that generated the trigger. range: Start notes: - PROV-O "startedAt" is a short-cut property. "Start" also has "atTime". - name is just started, because the association class Start has both time information and trigger information. Hence the name needs to capture both started_by and started_at. "started" has the unfortunate ambiguity of having started an activity, however the range "Start" is an "EntityInfluence" where the linked "object" is an Entity -- hopefully limiting the confusion. exact_mappings: - prov:wasStartedBy used: title: Used description: >- Usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity. range: Usage notes: - PROV-O "used" is a short-cut property. "Usage" also has "entity". exact_mappings: - prov:used classes: ActivityMixin: mixin: true description: >- An activity is something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities; it may include consuming, processing, transforming, modifying, relocating, using, or generating entities. slots: - started - ended - associated_with - used - informed_by - influenced_by slot_usage: associated_with: range: Association multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true ended: range: End inlined: true influenced_by: range: Influence multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true informed_by: range: Communication multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true started: range: Start inlined: true used: range: Usage multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true exact_mappings: - prov:Activity AgentMixin: mixin: true description: >- Something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent's activity. slots: - delegated_by - influenced_by slot_usage: delegated_by: range: Delegation inlined: true influenced_by: range: Influence multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true exact_mappings: - prov:Agent EntityMixin: mixin: true description: >- A physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects; entities may be real or imaginary. slots: - attributed_to - generated_by - derived_from - revision_of - quoted_from - invalidated_by - alternate_of - specialization_of - influenced_by slot_usage: attributed_to: range: Attribution multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true derived_from: range: Derivation multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true generated_by: range: Generation inlined: true influenced_by: range: Influence multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true invalidated_by: range: Invalidation inlined: true quoted_from: range: Quotation inlined: true revision_of: range: Revision inlined: true exact_mappings: - prov:Entity # bases for non-Things # Base for prov:Generation , prov:Start , prov:Invalidation , prov:End , prov:Usage # this means that this is NOT a Thing! InstantaneousEventMixin: mixin: true description: >- The PROV data model is implicitly based on a notion of instantaneous events (or just events), that mark transitions in the world. Events include generation, usage, or invalidation of entities, as well as starting or ending of activities. This notion of event is not first-class in the data model, but it is useful for explaining its other concepts and its semantics slots: - at_location - at_time exact_mappings: - prov:InstantaneousEvent # association classes -- influences # base for all influences Influence: mixins: - ThingMixin description: >- Influence is the capacity of an entity, activity, or agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, generation, invalidation, communication, derivation, attribution, association, or delegation. slots: # influencer - object - roles slot_usage: object: title: Influencer range: Thing characterized_by: annotations: sh:order: 100 attributes: annotations: sh:order: 110 description: annotations: sh:order: 120 dash:singleLine: false annotations: annotations: sh:order: 130 exact_mappings: annotations: sh:order: 140 close_mappings: annotations: sh:order: 141 broad_mappings: annotations: sh:order: 142 narrow_mappings: annotations: sh:order: 143 related_mappings: annotations: sh:order: 144 exact_mappings: - prov:Influence # base for the following four, not used directly EntityInfluence: is_a: Influence description: >- EntityInfluence is the capacity of an entity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of usage, start, end, derivation, or other. slot_usage: object: title: Entity exact_mappings: - prov:EntityInfluence Usage: is_a: EntityInfluence mixins: - InstantaneousEventMixin description: >- Usage is the beginning of utilizing an entity by an activity. Before usage, the activity had not begun to utilize this entity and could not have been affected by the entity. slot_usage: object: description: Entity that was derived from. roles: description: Roles the entity had with respect to the derivation. at_location: description: Location where the usage took place. at_time: description: Timepoint when the usage happened. exact_mappings: - prov:Usage Start: is_a: EntityInfluence mixins: - InstantaneousEventMixin description: >- Start is when an activity is deemed to have been started by an entity, known as trigger. The activity did not exist before its start. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity follows the activity's start. A start may refer to a trigger entity that set off the activity, or to an activity, known as starter, that generated the trigger. slot_usage: object: title: Trigger exact_mappings: - prov:Start End: is_a: EntityInfluence mixins: - InstantaneousEventMixin description: >- End is when an activity is deemed to have been ended by an entity, known as trigger. The activity no longer exists after its end. Any usage, generation, or invalidation involving an activity precedes the activity's end. An end may refer to a trigger entity that terminated the activity, or to an activity, known as ender that generated the trigger. slot_usage: object: title: Trigger exact_mappings: - prov:End Derivation: is_a: EntityInfluence description: >- A derivation is a transformation of an entity into another, an update of an entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new entity based on a pre-existing entity. slots: - generated_by - used slot_usage: object: description: Entity that was derived from. roles: description: Roles the entity had with respect to the derivation. generated_by: range: Generation description: Activity that generated the derived entity. inlined: true used: range: Usage description: Entities used for the derivation (e.g., instruments). multivalued: true inlined: true inlined_as_list: true exact_mappings: - prov:Derivation Quotation: is_a: Derivation description: >- A quotation is the repeat of (some or all of) an entity, such as text or image, by someone who may or may not be its original author. Quotation is a particular case of derivation. exact_mappings: - prov:Quotation Revision : is_a: Derivation description: >- A revision is a derivation for which the resulting entity is a revised version of some original. The implication here is that the resulting entity contains substantial content from the original. Revision is a particular case of derivation. exact_mappings: - prov:Revision # base for the following three ActivityInfluence: is_a: Influence description: >- ActivitiyInfluence is the capacity of an activity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of generation, invalidation, communication, or other. slot_usage: object: title: Activity exact_mappings: - prov:ActivityInfluence Generation: is_a: ActivityInfluence mixins: - InstantaneousEventMixin description: >- Generation is the completion of production of a new entity by an activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation. slot_usage: object: description: Generating activity. roles: description: Roles the activity had with respect to the generation. at_location: description: Location where the generating activity took place. at_time: description: Timepoint when the generating activity happened. exact_mappings: - prov:Generation Communication: is_a: ActivityInfluence description: >- Communication is the exchange of an entity by two activities, one activity using the entity generated by the other. exact_mappings: - prov:Communication Invalidation: is_a: ActivityInfluence mixins: - InstantaneousEventMixin description: >- Invalidation is the start of the destruction, cessation, or expiry of an existing entity by an activity. The entity is no longer available for use (or further invalidation) after invalidation. Any generation or usage of an entity precedes its invalidation. exact_mappings: - prov:Invalidation # base for the following three AgentInfluence: is_a: Influence description: >- AgentInfluence is the capacity of an agent to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of another by means of attribution, association, delegation, or other. slot_usage: object: title: Agent exact_mappings: - prov:AgentInfluence Attribution: is_a: AgentInfluence description: >- Attribution is the ascribing of an entity to an agent. When an entity e is attributed to agent ag, entity e was generated by some unspecified activity that in turn was associated to agent ag. Thus, this relation is useful when the activity is not known, or irrelevant. slot_usage: object: description: Agent the entity was attributed to. roles: description: Roles the agent had with respect to the entity. exact_mappings: - prov:Attribution Association: is_a: AgentInfluence description: >- An activity association is an assignment of responsibility to an agent for an activity, indicating that the agent had a role in the activity. exact_mappings: - prov:Association slots: - started - ended Delegation: is_a: AgentInfluence description: >- Delegation is the assignment of authority and responsibility to an agent (by itself or by another agent) to carry out a specific activity as a delegate or representative, while the agent it acts on behalf of retains some responsibility for the outcome of the delegated work. For example, a student acted on behalf of his supervisor, who acted on behalf of the department chair, who acted on behalf of the university; all those agents are responsible in some way for the activity that took place but we do not say explicitly who bears responsibility and to what degree. slots: - started - ended exact_mappings: - prov:Delegation